Which principle explains that exercise effects vary based on the person’s individual characteristics?

The principle that explains that exercise effects vary based on a person's individual characteristics is Individual Differences. This principle emphasizes that each individual responds differently to exercise due to a variety of factors, including genetics, fitness level, age, gender, body composition, and even psychological factors such as motivation and mindset.

For example, two individuals may follow the same workout regimen but experience different results in strength gains, endurance, or weight loss due to their unique biological and psychological makeups. Recognizing Individual Differences is essential for tailoring exercise programs to meet the needs, abilities, and goals of each person, ensuring more effective and safe training.

The other principles, such as Specificity, Progressive Overload, and Cross Training, focus on different aspects of exercise but do not specifically address the variability in individual responses to exercise. Specificity refers to the idea that training should be relevant and appropriate to the activity for which the individual is preparing. Progressive Overload relates to the gradual increase in stress placed on the body during exercise to promote adaptation. Cross Training involves incorporating various types of exercise to improve overall fitness and prevent injury, but it does not account for individual variations in response to these modalities.